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Blood transfusion - Mayo Clinic
A blood transfusion replaces blood lost from an injury or during a surgery. A transfusion also may be used when certain components of blood are low or not working.

Blood transfusion - Wikipedia
1.1Red cell transfusion. 2Procedure. Toggle Procedure subsection. 2.1Blood donation. 2.2Processing and testing. 2.3Compatibility testing. 2.3.1Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion. 3Adverse effects.

Transfusion - Wiley Online Library
In addition to blood banking and transfusion medicine topics, we present submissions concerning patient blood management, tissue transplantation and hematopoietic, cellular, and gene therapies.

Transfusion medicine - Wikipedia
3National differences and how to specialise. 4See also. 5Notes and references. 6External links. Toggle the table of contents. Transfusion medicine. 22 languages. العربية.

Blood transfusion | Procedure, Reasons, & Complications | Britannica
A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood into the vein of a human or animal recipient. The blood may be taken directly from a donor or obtained from a blood bank. Blood transfusions are a therapeutic measure used to restore blood or plasma volume.

Blood Transfusion Types, Procedure, Complications, Side Effects
Although in most situations the likelihood of a blood transfusion associated with surgery is uncommon, at times patients may require blood products. You are encouraged to discuss your particular need for transfusion and the risks of transfusion with your doctor.

Blood Transfusion: Purpose, Procedure, Risks, Complications - WebMD
There are many reasons you might need to get a blood transfusion. Learn how to prepare for the process and the potential risks.

Blood Transfusion - Cleveland Clinic
A blood transfusion is when you receive donated blood in a hospital or other medical setting. It can help you if you’ve lost blood (due to surgery or trauma, for example) or you have a condition that affects your blood cells.

Blood transfusion - NHS
A blood transfusion is a generally very safe procedure where blood from someone else (a donor) goes into a vein in your arm through a narrow tube. It can help if you have a blood condition or if you've lost a lot of blood.

Blood transfusion: Types, purpose, procedure, and recovery
The type of blood transfusion given depends on the reason for requiring one. This article will outline what a blood transfusion is, when they are necessary, and what to expect during the...

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Smarter Clot Testing Cuts Transfusions in Liver Disease  Medscape
Impact of red blood cell transfusion and transfusion strategies on clinical outcomes in extremely low gestational age neonates  Frontiers
Hep B in Blood Transfusions; Ultraprocessed Foods and IBD; The Microbiome and CRC  MedPage Today
Hemochromatosis — an insidious genetic disease  Via Medica Journals
Neonatal Blood Transfusion Practices in India: A Nationwide Survey of Clinicians  Frontiers
Rotational Thromboelastometry or Conventional Coagulation Tests in Liver Transplantation: Comparing Blood Loss, Transfusions, and Cost  www.elsevier.com
Blood removal before major liver surgery cuts transfusions in half, clinical trial shows  medicalxpress.com
Haemostatic Balance and Transfusion Strategies in Acute Liver Failure and Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure: A Systematic Review  Wiley Online Library
Transfusion Strategies for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding  NEJM
Coagulation in Liver Disease: A Guide for the... : Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology  Ovid
Octreotide Improves Control of Anemia Related to Gastrointestinal Angiodysplasia  Gastroenterology & Endoscopy News
A thorny matter: Spur cell anemia  www.elsevier.com
Safety of Red Blood Cell Transfusion Using Small Central Lines in Neonates: An in vitro Non-inferiority Study  Frontiers
Thresholds for blood transfusion in extremely preterm infants: A review of the latest evidence from two large clinical trials  Frontiers
Case report: Is exchange transfusion a possible treatment for metabolic decompensation in neonates with methylmalonic aciduria in the setting of limited resources?  Frontiers

Common Rheumatological Symptoms

Joint Pain (Arthralgia) — Persistent discomfort or soreness in one or more joints caused by inflammation, wear and tear, or underlying autoimmune responses.
Morning Stiffness — Reduced joint mobility and tightness upon waking, often lasting over 30 to 60 minutes in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Swelling and Edema — Visible enlargement of affected joints resulting from fluid accumulation in the synovial membrane and inflamed surrounding tissue.
Localized Warmth and Redness — Elevated temperature and erythema skin discoloration surrounding inflamed joints due to increased blood flow from localized inflammation.
Systemic Fatigue — Overwhelming exhaustion and lack of energy caused by ongoing chronic inflammatory cytokine activity throughout the body.
Raynaud's Phenomenon — Temporary color changes in fingers or toes turning white, blue, and red in response to cold or stress due to vascular spasms.
Malar or Butterfly Rash — Red or purplish facial rash spanning across the bridge of the nose and cheeks, classically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Milestones in Rheumatology History

c. 400 BC: Hippocratic Corpus Coining — Hippocrates uses the term "rheuma" to describe body humors flowing into joints, establishing the early classical concept of joint inflammation.
1592: Formal Definition of Rheumatism — French physician Guillaume de Baillou introduces the modern term "rheumatism" to distinguish systemic acute arthritis from localized gout.
1800: Clinical Description of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais publishes the first detailed clinical description separating rheumatoid arthritis from gout, calling it "asthenic gout."
1859: Naming of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Sir Alfred Baring Garrod formally coins the term "rheumatoid arthritis" to clearly differentiate the inflammatory autoimmune condition from osteoarthritis and gout.
1940: Discovery of the Rheumatoid Factor — Erik Waaler discovers autoantibodies in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, laying the groundwork for serological autoimmune diagnostics.
1948: Introduction of Corticosteroid Therapy — Philip Hench and Edward Kendall demonstrate the dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of Compound E (cortisone) in treating rheumatoid arthritis, earning the Nobel Prize.
1998: Emergence of Biologic DMARDs — The FDA approves the first TNF-alpha inhibitors, ushering in the modern era of targeted biologic therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Current Trends in Rheumatology Research

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Reset Therapy — Investigating engineered cellular therapies to achieve drug-free, durable clinical remissions by completely depleting pathogenic autoantibodies in severe refractory lupus and systemic sclerosis.
Selective TYK2 and Oral JAK Pathway Inhibition — Developing highly targeted, small-molecule oral inhibitors like deucravacitinib that disrupt specific cytokine signaling pathways while minimizing broader off-target side effects.
Targeted Pathogenic T-Cell and B-Cell Depletion — Evaluating novel biologics, such as rosnilimab and ianalumab, designed to selectively deplete overactive immune cell subpopulations involved in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's disease.
Biomarker-Driven Precision Medicine — Utilizing pharmacogenomics and molecular biomarkers to predict individualized therapeutic responses and match systemic autoimmune conditions to specific biological mechanisms.
Subclinical Interception and Disease Prevention — Identifying seropositive individuals early using high-risk autoantibody profiles to initiate preventive targeted therapies before irreversible joint damage occurs.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Disease Modeling — Deploying machine learning algorithms across electronic health records and imaging modalities to forecast inflammatory flares and refine diagnostic accuracy.